The field of modern biotechnology is characterized by the utilization of molecular techniques that involve the use of living organisms or their components to produce or enhance commercial goods and processes. This area of study, which has its roots in the creation of the first recombinant gene thirty years ago, has experienced rapid growth and development. The applications of modern biotechnology are diverse and have led to improvements in various aspects of our daily lives, such as the food we eat, the beverages we drink, the clothes we wear, and the medicines we take. Additionally, modern biotechnology encompasses a range of methods and materials, including molecular techniques for generating energy and non-toxic cleaning products, which reduce waste by altering patterns of production and consumption through DNA engineering.The book Modern Biotechnology and its Applications contains 32 chapters and aims to provide an overview of the tools and technologies developed by prominent scientists. The focus of the book is on using modern technology to address environmental challenges and improve the sustainability of production processes. Specifically, the book seeks to highlight the exploration and development of biotechnological tools and techniques that can be applied for the betterment of society.