This volume contains eight chapters that detail advances in materials science research. Chapter One is devoted to studying the most important properties of the nanofluids with CNTs, such as their thermal conductivity and rheology, which are analyzed in detail. Chapter Two attempts to contribute a better knowledge and evaluation of the utility of polypropylene (PP) fibres in geopolymer materials. Chapter Three aims to evaluate the opportunity to use the spark plasma sintering method for sintering polymeric systems by reviewing a number of earlier studies of the archival literature. Chapter Four describes how biomaterials are used in dentistry (ceramics, bioactive glass, glass-ceramics, calcium phosphate, MTA, and calcium hydroxide). Chapter Five discusses the synthesis, properties, and application of bismuth ferrite in detail. Chapter Six discusses a photoinduced charge transfer in perfluoroalkyl organogermanium compounds. Chapter Seven focuses on the development of electrochemical sensors for the detection of azoic food dyes. Lastly, Chapter Eight covers the history of martensite discovery, the theories behind its formation, and the techniques used to study its structure.