In the century and a half beginning with Moses Mendelssohn's pioneering translation and the final one by Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig, German Jews produced sixteen different translations of at least the Pentateuch. Exploring translations by Moses Mendelssohn, Leopold Zunz, and Samson Raphael Hirsch, Michah Gottlieb argues that each articulated a middle-class Judaism that was aligned with bourgeois Protestantism, seeing middle-class values as the best means toserve God and the authentic actualization of Jewish tradition.