The end of the eighteenth century was a transformational period for the Muslim communities in the Russian Empire and their relationship with the tsarist state. One of the major figures to emerge out of this context was the reformer Abu Nasr Qursawi (1776-1812). A controversial religious scholar, he put forward a sweeping reform of the Islamic scholarly tradition that was influential among these communities into the twentieth century. Nathan Spannaus presents thefirst detailed analysis of Qursawi's reformism, both in its contours and broad historical setting, addressing issues of modernity, secularity, tradition, and intellectual history.