The 2009 edition of Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators enables countries to see themselves in the light of other countries' performance. It provides a rich, comparable and up-to-date array of indicators on the performance of education systems and represents the consensus of professional thinking on how to measure the current state of education internationally.
The indicators look at who participates in education, what is spent on it and how education systems operate and at the results achieved. The latter includes indicators on a wide range of outcomes, from comparisons of students' performance in key subject areas to the impact of education on earnings and on adults' chances of employment. New material in this edition includes first results from the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) on teacher practices as well as teacher appraisal and feedback; an analysis of the social benefits of education; information on long-term unemployment and involuntary part-time work among young adults; a review of trends in attainment; data on the incentives to invest in education which show the benefits of education in dollar amount across OECD countries; and a picture of excellence in education for 15-year-olds, based on findings from the PISA study.
The ExcelTM spreadsheets used to create the tables and charts in this book are available via the StatLinks printed in this book. The tables and charts, as well as the complete OECD Online Education Database, are freely available via the OECD Education website at www.oecd.org/edu/eag2009.
A condensed version of this publication is also available: Highlights from Education at a Glance 2009.
Reader's Guide CHAPTER A. THE OUTPUT OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE IMPACT OF LEARNING -Indicator A1 To what level have adults studied?
--Table A1.1a. Educational attainment: adult population (2007) --Table A1.2a. Population with at least upper secondary education (2007) --Table A1.3a. Population with tertiary education (2007) --Table A1.4. Trends in educational attainment: 25-64 year-old population (1997-2007) --Table A1.5. Annual average growth in 25-64 year-old population between 1998 and 2006 --Table A1.6. Proportion of age cohorts in skilled jobs (ISCO 1-3) by educational attainment (2006, 1998) -Indicator A2 How many students finish secondary education and access tertiary education?
--Table A2.1. Upper secondary graduation rates (2007) --Table A2.2. Trends in graduation rates (first-time) at upper secondary level (1995-2007) --Table A2.3. Post-secondary non-tertiary graduation rates (2007) --Table A2.4. Entry rates to tertiary education and age distribution of new entrants (2007) --Table A2.5. Trends in entry rates at tertiary level (1995-2007) -Indicator A3 How many students finish tertiary education ?
--Table A3.1. Graduation rates in tertiary education (2007) --Table A3.2. Trends in tertiary graduation rates (1995-2007) --Table A3.3. Graduation rate at different tertiary levels (2007) --Table A3.4. Completion rates in tertiary education (2005) -Indicator A4 What is the profile of 15-year-old top performers in science?
--Table A4.1a. Mean score and percentage of top performers in science, reading and mathematics --Table A4.1b. Percentage of top performers in science, reading and mathematics, by gender --Table A4.2a. Overlapping of top performers in science, reading and mathematics --Table A4.2b. Overlapping of top performers in science, reading and mathematics, by gender --Table A4.3. Students' socio-economic background, by performance group --Table A4.4. Percentage of students by performance group, according to the immigrant status --Table A4.5. Percentage of students by performance group, according to the language spoken at home -Indicator A5 What are the top performers' attitudes and motivations for science in PISA 2006?
--Table A5.1a. Index of enjoyment of science for strong performers and top performers --Table A5.2a. Index of students' science-related activities for strong performers and top performers --Table A5.3. Regular science lessons in school and out-of-school lessons in science for strong performers and top performers --Table A5.4a. Indices of instrumental motivation and future-oriented motivation to learn science for strong performers and top performers --Table A5.5. Importance of doing well in science, mathematics and reading for strong performers and top performers --Table A5.6a. Indices of school preparation of science-related careers and student information on science-related careers for strong performers and top performers --Table A5.7a. Enjoyment of learning science --Table A5.7b. Science-related activities --Table A5.7c. Instrumental motivation to learn science --Table A5.7d. Importance of doing well in science --Table A5.7e. Future-oriented motivation to learn science -Indicator A6 How does participation in education affect participation in the labour market?
--Table A6.1a. Employment rates and educational attainment, by gender (2007) --Table A6.2a. Trends in employment rates of 25-64 year-olds by educational attainment (1997-2007) --Table A6.3a. Unemployment rates and educational attainment, by gender (2007) --Table A6.4a. Trends in unemployment rates by educational attainment (1997-2007) -Indicator A7 What are the economic benefits of education?
--Table A7.1a. Relative earnings of the population with income from employment (2007 or latest available year) --Table A7.2a. Trends in relative earnings: adult population (1997-2007) --Table A7.2b. Trends in relative earnings: male population (1997-2007) --Table A7.2c. Trends in relative earnings: female population (1997-2007) --Table A7.3. Trends in differences in earnings between females and males (1997-2007) -Indicator A8 What are the incentives to invest in education?
--Table A8.1. Private net present value for an individual obtaining upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education as part of initial education, ISCED 3/4 (2005) --Table A8.2. Private net present value for an individual obtaining tertiary education as part of initial education, ISCED 5/6 (2005) --Table A8.3. Public net present value for an individual obtaining upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education as part of initial education (2005) --Table A8.4. Public net present value for an individual obtaining tertiary education as part of initial education (2005) -Indicator A9 What are the social outcomes of education?
--Table A9.1. Marginal effects of education on self-reported health and political interest --Table A9.2. Marginal effects of education on self-reported health (with and without controls for age, gender and income) --Table A9.3. Marginal effects of education on political interest (with and without controls for age, gender and income) --Table A9.4. Marginal effects of education on interpersonal trust (with and without controls for age, gender and income) --Table A9.5. Predicted shares of individuals expressing positive self-rated health, political interest and interpersonal trust, by gender --Table A9.6. Predicted shares of individuals expressing positive self-rated health, political interest and interpersonal trust, by age --Table A9.7. Predicted shares of individuals expressing positive self-rated health, political interest and interpersonal trust, by income CHAPTER B. FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES INVESTED IN EDUCATOIN -Indicator B1 How much is spent per student?
--Table B1.1a. Annual expenditure on educational institutions per student for all services (2006) --Table B1.2. Annual expenditure per student on core services, ancillary services and R&D (2006) --Table B1.3a. Cumulative expenditure on educational institutions per student for all services over the theoretical duration of primary and secondary studies (2006) --Table B1.3b. Cumulative expenditure on educational institutions per student for all services over the average duration of tertiary studies (2006) --Table B1.4. Annual expenditure on educational institutions per student for all services relative to GDP per capita (2006) --Table B1.5. Change in expenditure on educational institutions for all services per student relative to different factors, by level of education (1995, 2000, 2006) -Indicator B2 What proportion of national wealth is spent on education?
--Table B2.1. Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, by level of education (1995, 2000, 2006) --Table B2.2. Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, by level of education (2006) --Table B2.3. Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2006), proportion of the population at basic ages of primary to tertiary education (school year 2006/2007) and demographic trends (2000-2015) --Table B2.4. Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, by source of fund and level of education (2006) -Indicator B3 How much public and private investment is there in education?
--Table B3.1. Relative proportions of public and private expenditure on educational institutions for all levels of education (2000, 2006) --Table B3.2a. Relative proportions of public and private expenditure on educational institutions, as a percentage, by level of education (2000, 2006) --Table B3.2b. Relative proportions of public and private expenditure on educational institutions, as a percentage, for tertiary education (2000, 2006) --Table B3.3. Trends in relative proportions of public expenditure on educational institutions and index of change between 1995 and 2006 (2000=100), for tertiary education (1995, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) -Indicator B4 What is the total public spending on education?
--Table B4.1. Total public expenditure on education (1995, 2000, 2006 -Indicator B5 How much do tertiary students pay and what public subsidies do they receive?
--Table B5.1a. Estimated annual average tuition fees charged by tertiary-type A educational institutions for national students (academic year 2006/2007) --Table B5.2. Distribution of financial aid to students compared to amount of tuition fees charged in tertiary-type A education (academic year 2006/2007) --Table B5.3. Financial support to students through public loans in tertiary-type A education (academic year 2004/2005) --Table B5.4. Public subsidies for households and other private entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on education and GDP, for tertiary education (2006) -Indicator B6 On what resources and services is education funding spent?
--Table B6.1. Expenditure on educational institutions by service category as a percentage of GDP (2006) --Table B6.2a. Expenditure on educational institutions by resource category in primary and secondary education (2006) --Table B6.2b. Expenditure on educational institutions by resource category and level of education (2006) -Indicator B7 Which factors influence the level of expenditure?
--Table B7.1. Contribution of various factors to salary cost per student at primary level of education (2006) --Table B7.2. Contribution of various factors to salary cost per student at lower secondary level of education (2006) --Table B7.3. Contribution of various factors to salary cost per student at upper secondary level of education (2006) CHAPTER C. ACCESS TO EDUCATION, PARTICIPATION, AND PROGRESSION -Indicator C1 Who participates in education?
--Table C1.1. Enrolment rates, by age (2007) --Table C1.2. Trends in enrolment rates (1995-2007) --Table C1.3. Transition characteristics from age 15-20, by level of education (2007) --Table C1.4. Upper secondary enrolment patterns (2007) --Table C1.5. Students in primary and secondary education by type of institution or mode of study (2007) --Table C1.6. Students in tertiary education by type of institution or mode of study (2007) -Indicator C2 Who studies abroad and where?
--Table C2.1. Student mobility and foreign students in tertiary education (2000, 2007) --Table C2.2. Distribution of international and foreign students in tertiary education, by country of origin (2007) --Table C2.3. Citizens studying abroad in tertiary education, by country of destination (2007) --Table C2.4. Distribution of international and foreign students in tertiary education, by level and type of tertiary education (2007) --Table C2.5. Distribution of international and foreign students in tertiary education, by field of education (2007) --Table C2.6. Trends in the number of foreign students enrolled outside their country of origin (2000 to 2007) -Indicator C3 How successful are students in moving from education to work?
--Table C3.1a. Expected years in education and not in education for 15-29 year-olds (2007) --Table C3.2a. Percentage of the youth population in education and not in education (2007) --Table C3.3. Percentage of the cohort population not in education and unemployed (2007) --Table C3.4a. Trends in the percentage of the youth population in education and not in education (1995, 1997-2007) --Table C3.5. Proportion of long-term unemployed among unemployed 25-34 year-olds (2003 and 2007) --Table C3.6. Part-time and involuntary part-time work among 25-34 year-olds, by educational attainment (2007) CHAPTER D. THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT AND ORGANISATION OF SCHOOLS -Indicator D1 How much time do students spend in the classroom?
--Table D1.1. Compulsory and intended instruction time in public institutions (2007) --Table D1.2a. Instruction time per subject as a percentage of total compulsory instruction time for 9-11 year-olds (2007) --Table D1.2b. Instruction time per subject as a percentage of total compulsory instruction time for 12-14 year-olds (2007) -Indicator D2 What is the student-teacher ratio and how big are classes?
--Table D2.1. Average class size, by type of institution and level of education (2007) --Table D2.2. Ratio of students to teaching staff in educational institutions (2007) --Table D2.3. Ratio of students to teaching staff, by type of institution (2007) --Table D2.4a. Teaching staff and non-teaching staff employed in primary and secondary educational institutions (2007) --Table D2.4b. Teaching staff and non-teaching staff employed in tertiary educational institutions (2007) -Indicator D3 How much are teachers paid?
--Table D3.1. Teachers' salaries (2007) --Table D3.2. Change in teachers' salaries (between 1996 and 2007) --Table D3.3a. Decisions on payments for teachers in public institutions (2007) -Indicator D4 How much time do teachers spend teaching?
--Table D4.1. Organisation of teachers' working time (2007) --Table D4.2. Number of teaching hours per year (1996, 2007) -Indicator D5 How much appraisal and feedback do teachers receive, and what is the impact?
--Table D5.1. Frequency and type of school evaluations (2007-08) --Table D5.2. Outcomes of teacher appraisal and feedback (2007-08) --Table D5.3. Teacher perceptions of the appraisal and/or feedback they received (2007-08) --Table D5.4. Teacher perceptions of the personal impact of teacher appraisal and feedback (2007-08) --Table D5.5. Teacher appraisal and feedback and school development (2007-08) -Indicator D6 How do teacher practices, beliefs and attitudes measure up?
--Table D6.1. Correlation between time on task and classroom disciplinary climate about teaching (2007-08) ANNEX 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS -Table X1.1a. Upper secondary graduation rate: typical graduation ages and method used to calculate graduation rates (2007) -Table X1.1b. Post-secondary non-tertiary graduation rate: typical graduation ages and method used to calculate graduation rate (2007) -Table X1.1c. Tertiary graduation rate: typical graduation ages and method used to calculate graduation rates (2007) -Table X1.2a. School year and financial year used for the calculation of indicators, OECD countries -Table X1.2b. School year and financial year used for the calculation of indicators, partner countries -Table X1.3. Summary of completion requirements for upper secondary programmes ANNEX 2 REFERENCE STATISTICS Table X2.1. Overview of the economic context using basic variables (reference period: calendar year 2006, 2006 current prices) -Table X2.2. Basic reference statistics (reference period: calendar year 2006, 2006 current prices) -Table X2.3a. Reference statistics used in the calculation of teachers' salaries, by level of education (1996, 2007) -Table X2.3b. Reference statistics used in the calculation of teachers' salaries (1996, 2007) -Table X2.3c. Teachers' salaries (2007) ANNEX 3. SOURCES, METHODS AND TECHNICAL NOTES