The Mediterranean and Western-European sphere in the Ancient, Medieval and Early-Modern Periods was a world of complex and deeply rooted religious Pluralism - Jews, various sects of Christians, Muslims, and pagans all lived side by side and interacted regularly. The essays in this volume explore what happened when Christians read the Bible faced with the challenges posed by this religious pluralism. Topics covered include early Christianity's use of the Bible under persecution, Arab-Christian Biblical study within the Islamic World, Jewish-Christian scholarly interaction in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, and the role of late-medieval vernacular editions of the Bible in paving the way for the Reformation.Contributors include: Thomas E. Burman, Andrew Gow, Sidney H. Griffith, Thomas J. Heffernan, Frans van Liere, E. Ann Matter, Bernard McGinn, Constant J. Mews, Michael A. Signer, Lesley Smith, and Anne Marie Wolf.