America was the leader in industrial development and applied research at the beginning of the twentieth century. But the Federal Government felt it was inappropriate to spend the people’s tax money to support basic research without any specific application in mind. It took a revolution in American science to convince the government that basic research aligned with the national interest. The approach of this book will be to relate how the knowledge and use of science evolved in the United States from 1900 to the post-World War II era. Finally resulting in the support of basic research by government agencies. This ushered in a blossoming of scientific developments that have materially changed people’s lives and made the US a superpower of science.