Politics Economics and the Implementation of the Packaging Waste Directive. The use of legislation by EU governments to define environmental standards for industry has been criticised for its poor track record in arresting the decline in the quality of Europes environment. Environmental economists in particular have proposed that legislation should be supplemented or replaced by New Environmental Policy Instruments NEPIs, such as eco-taxes, environmental charges, tradable permits and voluntary agreements. This book focuses on practical experiences with NEPIs in the EU and tests their application using the