Hong Kong: Past, Present and Future first explores the "non-national" features of Hong Kong citizenship by analysing its development in relation to three key features: people’s identities, uneven political participation, and the development of civil society. The subsequent study explores ideological detachment from ideas of "nation-ness", if English language discourse is to produce a stable model of Hong Kong identity. The authors examine the discourses of young people and older people pertaining to socio-political issues concerning Hong Kong, reviewing major research studies conducted in Hong Kong on young people’s attitudes towards the society. The closing review provides an extensive summary on phonetics and phonology research on Hong Kong English in the past two decades, and also discusses how the codification and standardisation of Hong Kong English would aid in its development.