Fundamentals of Molecular Structural Biology, Second Edition reviews the mathematical and physical foundations of molecular structural biology, covering the latest advancements. The book begins with historical perspectives before exploring mathematical concepts, physical aspects of chemistry, the chemical basis of biology, structural analysis, visualization, protein folding, transcription, RNA processing, cell signaling, and computational molecular biology. Additionally, this new edition delves into AI fundamentals and applications, including AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold. This fully updated edition provides a detailed overview of the fundamental concepts across molecular structural biology and acts as an ideal guide for researchers and advanced students.Given the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of this subject, this book provides early career researchers and those shifting into an adjacent field a "fundamentals" resource to get them up-to-speed on the foundations of a particular field. - Offers foundational knowledge in the mathematical and physical concepts required for molecular structural biology- Covers macromolecular structures, including their description, determination, and representation- Explains the basic genetic mechanism based on macromolecular structure and dynamics- Discusses critical issues surrounding macromolecular structures, such as macromolecular assemblies, cell signaling, systems biology, molecular dynamics, and structure-based drug discovery- Includes a special emphasis on AI fundamentals and their application in molecular structural biology