Due to the explosion of technology, scientific and parallel computing, faster computers have become available. This development simply means that new optimized algorithms should be developed to take advantage of these improvements. There is where this book containing such algorithms comes in handy, with applications in economics, mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, parallel computing, engineering, and also numerical solution of differential and integral equations. A plethora of problems from diverse disciplines can be converted using mathematical modeling to an equation defined on suitable abstract spaces usually involving the n-dimensional Euclidean space or Hilbert space or Banach Space or even more general spaces. The solution of these equations is sought in closed form. But this is possible only in special cases. That is why researchers and practitioners use algorithms which seem to be the only alternative. This book can be used by senior undergraduate students, graduate students, researchers and practitioners in the aforementioned areas in the classroom or as a reference material. Readers should know the fundamentals of numerical functional analysis, economic theory, and Newtonian physics. Some knowledge of computers and contemporary programming shall be very helpful to the readers.